The inclusion bodies, which were first mistakenly considered to be protozoa and later viruses, were named Chlamydozoa (after the Greek word chlamys, meaning cloak) and described as the causal agents of trachoma. In 1907, Halberstaedter and von Prowazek observed oval cytoplasmic inclusion bodies near the nuclei of conjunctival epithelial cells, derived from the conjunctival scrapings of an experimentally infected orangutan ( Halberstädter and Prowazek, 1907). Insights into these subtle pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a rationale for the augmentation of immune responses against chlamydial infection but also open avenues for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the survival of these clinically important pathogens in host innate immunity. to counteract host innate immune defenses. This review will focus on the innate immune responses against chlamydial infection, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms used by the Chlamydia spp. The strategies that are brought into play at different stages of chlamydial development mainly involve interfering with diverse innate immune responses, such as innate immune recognition, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, as well as the manipulation of innate immune cells to serve as potential niches for chlamydial replication. Because of their restricted parasitism inside eukaryotic cells, the pathogens have to develop multiple strategies for adaptation with the hostile intracellular environment-intrinsically present in all host cells-to survive. 1 People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, ChinaĪs obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, members of the Chlamydia genera are the pivotal triggers for a wide range of infections, which can lead to blinding trachoma, pelvic inflammation, and respiratory diseases.
2Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No.1Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.Hongliang Chen 1,2, Yating Wen 1 and Zhongyu Li 1 *
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